The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. A stout wave-walker he bade make ready. THEN from the moorland, by misty crags, with God’s wrath laden, Grendel came. 99/year as selected above. . 1586638181. The humans’ religion is another example of their systems of theories and beliefs. Chapter 1. I stamp. Hrothulf, Hrothgar's 14-year-old nephew, comes to live at the meadhall after his father dies. 99/month or $24. Herot and the Emergence of Grendel. A Tale of Two Cities Death of a Salesman Of Mice and Men The Kite Runner The Outsiders Menu. 3148). He was called Wiglaf, son of Weohstan, A valued shied-warrior, and man of the Scylfings, A kinsman of Aelfhere. Grendel observes Hrothgar, noting how drastically his face has changed over the years. 1973. 99/month or $24. The main action of Grendel takes place in the last year of that war, but the novel skips back in time in order to illuminate the origins of the conflict as well as Grendel’s personal history. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Grendel and what it means. Along with Grendel, Unferth represents the theme of envy in the epic. Wiglaf. Explanation of the famous quotes in Grendel, including all important speeches, comments, quotations, and monologues. ”. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. “The King of the Gods is the ultimate limitation,” he keens, “and His existence is the ultimate irrationality. Such is His mystery: that beauty requires contrast, and that. Grendel. Debbie Park Mrs. The intruder, a slave on the run from a hard-handed master, intends no harm by his theft and flees in a panic. We will start with an introduction to Apache Spark Programming. Time and again, Grendel’s intellect is overcome by the emotional response he has to the Shaper’s art. Every night, Grendel attacks King Hrothgar's wealthy mead-hall, Heorot, killing Danish warriors and sometimes even eating them. Gardner’s twist on the tale is his choice to narrate the story from the. Slowly, the Geatish warriors who had fled from the battle straggle back to the barrow to find Wiglaf still vainly trying to revive their fallen leader. Who or what is Hart? 3 . PLUS. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. 4. Take a quiz about the important details and events in Chapter 8 of Grendel. In the Battle with Grendel, Grendel had broke into Herot and attempt to kill all of the sleeping men, until he was seized by Beowulf. When Grendel grabs a vine to reassure himself, what does the vine turn out to be? A spear. Grendel study guide contains a biography of John Gardner, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Where does Grendel find himself at. S. A suggested list of literary criticism on John Gardner's Grendel . It is also an example of metafiction, a work of fiction based on another work of fiction. It is Orestes, the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, who killed his mother in order to avenge her murder of his father. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. It was their confidence, maybe—their blissful, swinish ignorance, their bumptious self-satisfaction, and worst of all, their hope . Grendel. His sermon to Beowulf before the Geat champion's. Lines 1-193. BEOWULF spake, bairn of Ecgtheow: “Sorrow not, sage! It beseems us better friends to avenge than fruitlessly mourn them. 99/month or $24. Grendel (SparkNotes Literature Guide) by John Gardner Making the reading experience fun! Created by Harvard students for students everywhere, SparkNotes is a new breed of study guide: smarter, better, faster. 733-5). (line 52) 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE OPTIONS. A close analysis of. The villagers, of course, are encouraged toward good, while Grendel is characterized as an agent of evil. Literary Context: Gardner and Postmodernism. Analysis. Her "hall" is inaccessible to society. Next. In his youth, he personifies all of the best values of the heroic culture. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Grendel and what it means. co. Beowulf is told from a third-person omniscient point of view. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. When two hunters from different bands came together in the woods, they would fight until the snow was slushy with blood, then crawl back, gasping and crying, to their separate camps to tell wild tales of what happened. Grendel cries out that this is unfair, since he has never killed a deer (since cows have more meat). Section 1. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Iago Vs Grendel Analysis 968 Words | 4 Pages. Beowulf and Grendel, 2005. Self-reliance can even be applied to politics: Emerson argues that we should quit governing ourselves by political parties and instead have each man govern himself by intuition. A Geatish hero who comes across the sea to rid the Scyldings of Grendel. Read a summary of the battle with Grendel in Beowulf. In Beowulf’s bloody battle against Grendel, the first part of the story reaches its climax. Full Poem Summary. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. , the realm of King Hrothgar (Sir Anthony Hopkins) is threatened by the tormented demon Grendel (Crispin Glover) that attacks the locals in their celebrations. Scyld Shefing, the founder of the dynasty, becomes King of the Danes not through wealth (for he comes from an impoverished family) but through his ability to sack the enemies. In this regard, Wiglaf appears as a reflection of the young Beowulf. A new "Master's Edition" hardcover, published. Heorot shakes with the force of their fight. This heard in his home Hygelac’s thane, great among Geats, of Grendel’s doings. Grendel. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. After killing Grendel, Beowulf. After establishing the novel’s linear plotline in Chapter 1 —namely, the twelve-year battle between Grendel and the Danes—Chapter 2 takes us an unspecified number of years into the past to tell the story of Grendel’s first exposure to the human world. Grendel’s narration starts to alternate with dramatic scenes of dialogue. The house is in disarray, with various activities interrupted, such as dishes left unwashed and bread prepared but not yet baked. Gardner’s novel is a rewriting of the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf. Summary. The narrator also comments on the action, usually to draw out moral implications: “Behavior that’s admired / is the path to power among people everywhere” (ll. The thief steals a gem-covered goblet, arousing the wrath of the dragon. Character List. The eyes slanted downward, never blinking, unfeeling as a snake’s. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Our cover-to-cover analysis of many popular classic and contemporary titles examines critical components of your text including: notes on authors, background, themes, quotes, characters, and discussion questions to help you study. He notes that the weak humans observe the rituals, while the strong ones ignore them. Wears it as a bib. 3 of 5. In Grendel, however, he is an intelligent and temperamental monster, capable of rational thought as well as irrational outbursts of emotion. It was a cold-blooded lie that a god had lovingly made the world and set out the sun and moon as lights to land-dwellers, that brothers had fought, that one of the races was saved, the other cursed. Search all of SparkNotes Search. Grendel begins as a curious young mind that is. His brother. In Grendel, he is a lonely creature who seeks an understanding of the seemingly meaningless world around him. Fifty years later, during which Beowulf has ruled nobly, a treasure-guarding dragon is awakened. . Lines 194-606. Choosing to fight. Its plot and characters come from the 6th-century Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf. Rumors of witchcraft spread through the town and a crowd gathers. 99/year as selected above. I understood that the world was nothing: a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears. Grendel Chapter 10. And then Grendel has a strange encounter with a stupid goat that shows up by his mere. Fortunately, a young warrior named Beowulf shows up. Lines 607-836. Next. Hrothgar tries to attribute the boy’s malaise to the trauma of losing his father, but he also suspects that. Next section Beowulf. Beowulf seizes the huge sword and swings it in a powerful arc. Beowulf is an Old English epic poem written anonymously around 975 AD. This adaptation, filmed in Iceland, is faithful to Beowulf’s tone, but makes many changes to the story. He will not budge. What keeps climbing up the cliff, even after Grendel kills it with stones? 18 . Chapter 4. This epic poem was written in Old English and, like other Old English epics, celebrates the daring feats of a hero, as Beowulf defeats Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and a dragon. Chapter 3. D. Summary: Chapter 12. And so begins the twelfth year of my idiotic war. Death of a Salesman Frankenstein Pride and Prejudice Romeo and Juliet The Catcher in the Rye Menu. This situation continues for twelve years. Hrothgar is the King of the Danes in southern Denmark. 772 Words4 Pages. It is Gardner's third published novel, and his most famous work. Literary Context: Gardner and Postmodernism. He tells of the creation of the world by a good God, whose goodness is challenged by a second god who divides the world into good and evil. He compares a tree to his uncle: A tree gives life to. Genre. Chapter 1 Quotes. By this time, Hrothgar and Wealtheow have two sons of their own. 4 out of 5 stars. Only the priests were upset, and the icons were rebuilt. Edinburg, Texas: Pan American University School of the Humanities, 1983 . S. However, as a woman, she cannot participate in the. 99/month or $24. When two hunters from different bands came together in the woods, they would fight until the snow was slushy with blood, then crawl back, gasping and crying, to their separate camps to tell wild tales of what happened. The poem clearly announces that Beowulf will defeat Grendel: “[Grendel’s] fate that night / was due to change, his days of ravening / had come to an end” (ll. A summary of Part X (Section10) in John Gardner's Grendel. Chapter 1. Active Themes. He smells the dragon in his presence as he notes that he has not yet “committed the ultimate act of nihilism” (93), which would be to murder Hrothgar’s queen, Wealtheow. The main action of Grendel takes place in the last year of that war, but the novel skips back in time in order to illuminate the origins of the conflict as well as Grendel’s personal history. As an outsider, Grendel observes and provides. See All Notes. Get access to this full Study Guide and much more! 6,350+ In-Depth Study Guides. She began writing The Outsiders at the age of fifteen, inspired by her frustration with the social divisions in her high school and the lack of realistic fiction for high school readers. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with. Her sisters Rita and Anna also married white men, and her sister Minnie has passed away recently due to a “peculiar wasting illness. Grendel is described as a "walker in darkness," who is "wearing God's anger" and "lacking in joy" because he has inherited the curse the Biblical Cain received as a result of his murder of his brother Abel. Learn about interpretations of the character of Grendel from Beowulf and understand the meaning of the battle. The collar or necklace that Wealhtheow gives Beowulf is a symbol of the bond of loyalty between her people and Beowulf—and, by extension, the Geats. Before he even encounters humans and sees how they fear him, he embraces his identity as a hideous monster. . SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. The dragon. This stylistically and thematically postmodern novel is an example of a metafiction—fiction about fiction. Trips on a bench. After twelve years of continued aggression, the great Geatish warrior Beowulf comes across the ocean to rid the Danes of the beast. She spends most of her time in her underground lair and generally experiences the world in a purely physical way. In the author's note at the end of the novel, A. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature. Beowulf, a warrior, lands in Hrothgar’s kingdom and kills Grendel but then must contend with Grendel’s mother who comes to enact revenge for her son’s murder. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of “Maid” by Stephanie Land. However, after years of being attacked by Grendel with no way of stopping him, Hrothgar seems resigned to. Huge and exceedingly strong, Beowulf is cold and mechanical, showing little emotion or. Important quotes from Chapter 5 in Grendel. Chapter 1. 99/month or $24. ”. Grendel. Grendel is… read analysis of Grendel. The blade slices cleanly through the Grendel’s mother’s neck, and she falls dead to the floor, gushing with blood. Grendel observes Hrothgar, noting how drastically his face has changed over the years. If the ideas of art were beautiful, that was art’s fault, not the Shaper’s. 440 But Higlac' followes r remembered his final Boast and, standing erect, stopped The monster's flight fastene, d those claws In his fists till they cracked, clutched Grendel Closer. Can you guess what happens next? Grendel starts "scripting" the dramatic adaptation of real events again. —There woke from him. Its status as a symbolic object is renewed when we learn that Hygelac died in battle wearing it, furthering the ideas of kinship and continuity. He sees the goat climbing up a hill and creates obstacles for the goat before bashing the animal’s head. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. His ship funeral early in the poem is a significant ritual. A suggested list of literary criticism on John Gardner's Grendel . Read an in-depth analysis of Beowulf. In the early part of the century, writers such as T. Point of View. Grendel. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Beowulf’s boasts and encounters reveal him to be the strongest, ablest warrior around. Swift on the billows, with boar-spears well hooked and barbed, it was hard beset, done to death and dragged on the headland, wave-roamer wondrous. Beowulf comes to the assistance of the Danes (Scyldings) for complicated reasons. Notable Cast: Gerard Butler, Stellan Skarsgård. For this reason, some readers have seen Grendel’s mother as an embodiment of ancient Northern European society’s tendency toward unending. Iago Vs Grendel Analysis 968 Words | 4 Pages. Important quotes from Chapter 8 in Grendel. At the house of the Shaper, people come and go, solemn faced, treading softly, their heads bowed and their hands folded for fear of sending dreadful apparitions through his dreams. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Indeed, Grendel portrays a world philosophically. A detailed description and in-depth analysis of Grendel in Beowulf. The book takes a closer look at Grendel and how he discovers the order and disorder of people and the world (Sanchez). Grendel stumbles into Hart with the corpse in his hands, yelling “Mercy! Peace!”. It was a cold-blooded lie that a god had lovingly made the world and set out the sun and moon as lights to land-dwellers, that brothers had fought, that one of the races was saved, the other cursed. Character Analysis Grendel's Mother. The onset of winter foreshadows Grendel’s death. Search all of SparkNotes Search. 4:37 The Battle with Grendel; 5:37 Analysis; 6:46 Lesson Summary; Save Timeline Autoplay Autoplay. Wulfgar, impressed with the group’s appearance. 99/month or $24. All three monsters are charismatic and mysterious, and readers have disagreed about what they represent. Summary. And the fact that Grendel remembers his face from a forgotten dream hints that Grendel may know. Its status as a symbolic object is renewed when we learn that Hygelac died in battle wearing it, furthering the ideas of kinship and continuity. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Beowulf introduces himself and requests to speak to the king. Here, “bone-house,” meaning “body,” is an example of a “kenning. Grendel is described as a "walker in darkness," who is "wearing God's anger" and "lacking in joy" because he has inherited the curse the Biblical Cain… read analysis of Grendel. Grendel 's fierce cries and the sounds of their epic struggle wake the warriors. He is fourteen years old, yet he despises how Hrothgar runs his nation. He then presents Beowulf’s men with rewards and compensates the Geats with gold for the Geatish warrior that Grendel killed. What does Grendel take “Warovvish” to mean? 17 . When Beowulf hears tales of the destruction wrought by Grendel, he decides to travel to the land of the Danes and help Hrothgar defeat the demon. A summary of Chapter 12 in John Gardner's Grendel. Chapter 1 Summary: The novel begins with Grendel, a bear-like monster, watching a “stupidly triumphant” ram standing at a cliff’s edge. A few nights later, Grendel raided Hart again. Speed Speed. Chapter 6. It enraged me. The goat continues to climb. The next chapter opens with what might be a part of the Shaper's song. Shortly after Beowulf's arrival, Unferth, full of mead, insults the guest at a banquet. Unferth's behavior goes against the code of hospitality. 3-17. The watchman guides Beowulf and his men from the coast to the mead-hall, Heorot, where he takes his leave. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Grendel and what it means. Alliteration is the repeating of consonant sounds in a line of poetry. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof. Provides an illusion of reality--puts together all their facts with a gluey whine of connectedness. Her "hall" is inaccessible to society. Grendel (1971), for example, features the nearly abstract woodcuts of Emil Antonucci,. Ward still lives in DeLisle, the rural community in Mississippi in which she was raised. Grendel. When Beowulf hears tales of the destruction wrought by Grendel, he decides to travel to the land of the Danes and help Hrothgar defeat the demon. Yet he also says that Beowulf followed his destiny, and won the gold as was his fate. A summary of Symbols in John Gardner's Grendel. His people give him a glorious funeral, but they have been left unprotected, and they foresee “enemies on the rampage, bodies in piles, / slavery and abasement” (ll. He’ll slay Grendel or die trying. Here is an example: The driver dared to drive in ice. Grendel is a novel by John Gardner that was first published in 1971. Grendel was published in 1971. Tara Westover ’s memoir, Educated, follows her journey from rural Idaho to the PhD program at Cambridge University as she struggles against her family’s devout, isolationist religious beliefs and fights for an education, learning along the way that to be educated is to learn much more about the world than what’s. E. Chapter 10 Summary. Trifles Summary. 99/month or $24. Violence and shame have lined the old man’s face with mysterious calm. Grendel is oddly protective of his space and attempts to shoo the goat away, although the goat remains standing after Grendel rolls a tree at it and. Suggestions. Wit Summary. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Summary. Trace Gardner’s use of “cartoon” imagery throughout Grendel. But they rush across chasms on spiderwebs, and sometimes they make it, and that, they think. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Educated Summary. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion. Why is the use of grotesque, exaggerated humor appropriate in the novel? 1953. Grendel’s Mother. 1. " Herot: the golden guest-hall built by King Hrothgar, the Danish ruler. Although she is smaller and weaker than. He lives in Geatland, a realm not far from Denmark, in what is now southern Sweden. Plot Summary. I had become something, as if born again. He notes that the weak humans observe the rituals, while the strong ones ignore them. The Shaper’s song has led to a religious philosophy among the Scyldings. 99/year as selected above. A summary of Chapter 1 in John Gardner's Grendel. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Grendel was fascinated by the woman. Important quotes from Chapter 7 in Grendel. As a symbol of his power and prosperity he builds a magnificent mead-hall, called Heorot, in which he and his loyal warriors can feast, drink, boast, and listen to the tales of the scops, the Anglo-Saxon bards. Modthryth’s story is told in order to contrast her cruelty with Hygd’s gentle and reasonable behavior. Grendel, one of Gardner’s more stylistically and thematically postmodern novels, is an example of a metafiction—fiction about fiction. Yet he, the old Shaper, might make it true, by the sweetness of his harp, his. This is more than an awkward moment for the hosts. While Grendel's psychology is not explored in detail in Beowulf, there is a sense. Spring, for example, the time when cold weather retreats and new vegetation appears on the earth, has become a. In his youth, Grendel explores his vast underground world with childlike abandon. Whereas Beowulf is essentially invulnerable to Grendel and his mother, he is in danger from the beginning against the dragon. Throughout the novel, the monster Grendel often seems as human as the people he observes. Grendel, an outsider who spurns society, and Beowulf, an outsider who joins the Danes in fellowship, battle. Grendel stumbles into Hart with the corpse in his hands, yelling “Mercy! Peace!” The corpse expands in significance, becoming not only a symbol of man and Grendel’s twinned fate,. I shake my two hairy fists at the sky and I let out a howl so unspeakable that the water at my feet turns sudden ice and even I myself am left uneasy. It begins in the palace of the Duchess, a young widow and the ruler of the Italian town of Amalfi. I hammer the ground with my fists. Her son has returned to their cave mortally wounded, one of his two arms (or claws) ripped from its shoulder socket and hanging, now, beneath the roof of Hrothgar's mead-hall. A summary of Chapter 1 in John Gardner's Grendel. Summary and Analysis Lines 1-193. All three monsters emerge from darkness, inflicting fear and suffering on the poem’s human characters. Evil. Grendel is based on the sixth-century Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf, a work in which Grendel is a grotesque, violent monster who terrorizes a small community of Danish warriors. Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1971. Mendez-Egle, Beatrice , ed. At the house of the Shaper, people come and go, solemn faced, treading softly, their heads bowed and their hands folded for fear of sending dreadful apparitions through his dreams. recovered the symbiote and experimented with it for the Sym-Soldier Program, which was an attempt to recreate the Super Soldier Serum. Suggestions. He hurls a boulder at it, but it keeps climbing. . Late that night, a group bursts into the dorm and tells the initiates to get dressed and meet at the train tracks. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. He boasts of his great deed. Many readers have seen Beowulf ’s monsters as embodiments of evil, representing the idea that evil is a mysterious, inhuman force. Grendel expresses the pain of his boredom and his apathy for the world around him before revealing the Shaper is sick. Under welkin he walked, till the wine-palace. Years later, Beowulf deals with a dragon who is devastating his kingdom and dies while he and his thane, Wiglaf, are slaying the dragon. Trace Gardner’s use of “cartoon” imagery throughout Grendel. The sky. Notable Cast: Gerard Butler, Stellan Skarsgård. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. Summary. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Grendel and what it means. On the train, Eric and Four divide the initiates into two teams to play capture the flag, a Dauntless tradition. Grendel. Five people arrive at the house to investigate the scene of a crime, including the county attorney, George Henderson, the local sheriff, Henry. I feel my anger coming back, building up like invisible fire, and at last, when my soul can no longer resist, I go up—as mechanical as anything else—fists clenched against my lack of will, my belly growling, mindless as wind, for blood. He bestows upon him weapons, armor, treasure, and eight of his finest horses. uk: Gardner, John: 9781586638184: BooksHeroism is the glorification of the warrior hero and of the heroic code of conduct. His name might be related to the old Norse grindill, meaning "storm," or grenja, "to bel-low. 3154-5). Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. The Shaper represents the power of art and imagination to change people’s perceptions about themselves and the world in which they live. Geared to what today's students need to know, SparkNotes provides: chapter-by-chapter analysis explanations of key themes, motifs,. These three antagonist fights serve as an allegorical tableau of the life of a leader. Rising action Grendel’s attack on Heorot, Beowulf’s defeat of Grendel, and Grendel’s mother’s vengeful killing of Aeschere lead to the climactic encounter between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother. I understood that the world was nothing: a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears. 99/year as selected above. I shake my two hairy fists at the sky and I let out a howl so unspeakable that the water at my feet turns sudden ice and even I myself am left uneasy. Grendel, a large bearlike monster, has spent the last twelve years locked in a war against a band of humans. Grendel finds himself in the presence of a huge, red-golden dragon that lives in a cave filled with gold and gems. Grendel enters the hall, shattering the heavy door with a light touch. Prelude of the Founder of the Danish House. Which quote from Beowulf contains a kenning used to rename one of the two main characters. Grendel recognizes the great power that comes with such a skill. I hurl a skull-size stone at him. Moved Permanently. Grendel begins as a curious young mind that is. Central Idea Essay: Honor Codes & Heroism. Grendel is a beast whose sole priority is to destroy mankind. Hrothgar’s orphaned nephew Hrothulf comes to live with his aunt and uncle. The poem’s overarching conflict is between close-knit warrior societies and the various menaces that threaten their boundaries. 99/year as selected above. Set in a dystopian future rather than the past, this adaptation makes many changes to the poem’s story. Important quotes from Chapter 7 in Grendel. Beowulf Summary. The Consolation of Philosophy Summary. When Anna is found dead in a ravine—shot in the back of the head—shortly after another Osage man, Charles. There is no conviction in the old priests’ songs; there is only showmanship. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. John Gardner’s work is often classified as postmodernist. After twelve years of continued aggression, the great Geatish warrior Beowulf comes across the ocean to rid the Danes of the beast. His defeat of Grendel and Grendel’s mother validates his. Wiglaf speaks: he laments that no one was able to persuade Beowulf from attacking the dragon. His mother. Perfect for. A herald named Wulfgar, who is renowned for his wisdom, stops Beowulf and asks him to state his business with Hrothgar. Edinburg, Texas: Pan American University School of the Humanities, 1983 . 1070-1158) shows us how Grendel’s mother embodies a limitation of the warrior code. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. After the gifts have been distributed, the king’s scop comes forward to sing. No one in the kingdom is convinced that the gods have life in them. It was their confidence, maybe—their blissful, swinish ignorance, their bumptious self-satisfaction, and worst of all, their hope .